Laboratory [C] Tests
SERVICES AND TREATMENTS
- CA-125: CA-125 is a protein biomarker that is often elevated in the blood of individuals with certain types of cancers, particularly ovarian cancer. It is commonly used as a tumor marker to monitor disease progression, response to treatment, and recurrence in patients with ovarian cancer. Elevated CA-125 levels can also be found in other conditions such as endometriosis, pelvic inflammatory disease, and liver cirrhosis.
- C-Reactive Protein (CRP): C-reactive protein (CRP) is a substance produced by the liver in response to inflammation in the body. Elevated levels of CRP in the blood are indicative of acute or chronic inflammation and are often used as a marker of infection, tissue injury, or inflammatory disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, or cardiovascular disease. CRP testing is commonly performed to assess disease activity, monitor treatment efficacy, and predict the risk of future cardiovascular events.
- C1 Esterase Inhibitor: C1 esterase inhibitor (C1-INH) is a protein that regulates the complement system, a part of the immune system involved in inflammation and immune response. Deficiency or dysfunction of C1-INH can lead to hereditary angioedema (HAE), a rare genetic disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of swelling in the skin and mucous membranes. Testing for C1-INH levels or activity helps diagnose and monitor HAE and assess the need for treatment with replacement therapy.
- C1 Esterase Inhibitor Activity: C1 esterase inhibitor (C1-INH) activity refers to the functional capacity of C1-INH protein to inhibit the activity of C1 esterase, an enzyme involved in the complement cascade. Measurement of C1-INH activity is essential for diagnosing and monitoring hereditary angioedema (HAE), a condition characterized by inadequate regulation of the complement system due to C1-INH deficiency or dysfunction. Reduced C1-INH activity confirms the diagnosis of HAE and guides treatment decisions.
- Calcium-Phosphorus Product (Ca x P Calculation): The calcium-phosphorus product (Ca x P) calculation is a mathematical formula used to assess the risk of vascular calcification in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). It is calculated by multiplying the serum calcium concentration (in mg/dL) by the serum phosphorus concentration (in mg/dL). Elevated Ca x P levels indicate an increased risk of vascular calcification, which is a common complication of CKD associated with cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Monitoring Ca x P levels helps guide treatment strategies to prevent vascular calcification and improve outcomes in CKD patients.
- CA-15-3: CA-15-3 is a tumor marker that is often elevated in the blood of individuals with breast cancer, particularly in advanced or metastatic stages of the disease. It is commonly used to monitor disease progression, response to treatment, and recurrence in breast cancer patients. However, CA-15-3 levels can also be elevated in other conditions such as benign breast diseases, lung cancer, ovarian cancer, and liver diseases. Therefore, CA-15-3 testing is not specific for breast cancer and is often used in combination with other diagnostic tests and imaging studies for comprehensive patient evaluation.
- CA-19-9: CA-19-9 is a tumor marker that is often elevated in the blood of individuals with pancreatic cancer, particularly in advanced stages of the disease. It is also elevated in other gastrointestinal cancers, including colorectal, gastric, and hepatobiliary cancers. CA-19-9 testing is commonly used to monitor disease progression, response to treatment, and recurrence in patients with pancreatic cancer. Elevated CA-19-9 levels may also be found in benign conditions such as pancreatitis and liver cirrhosis.
- CA-72-4: CA-72-4 is a tumor marker that is elevated in the blood of individuals with various types of cancers, including gastric cancer, ovarian cancer, and breast cancer. It is commonly used for monitoring disease progression, response to treatment, and recurrence in patients with these cancers. Elevated CA-72-4 levels may also be found in benign conditions such as liver cirrhosis, pancreatitis, and inflammatory bowel disease.
- Campylobacter Culture: Campylobacter culture is a laboratory test used to detect the presence of Campylobacter bacteria in clinical samples, such as stool or rectal swabs. Campylobacter species, particularly Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli, are common causes of bacterial gastroenteritis in humans, leading to symptoms such as diarrhea, abdominal pain, fever, and vomiting. Campylobacter culture helps diagnose Campylobacter infection, guide appropriate antibiotic therapy, and investigate outbreaks of foodborne illness.
- CD19: CD19 is a cell surface protein that is primarily expressed on B lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell involved in the immune response. CD19 plays a crucial role in B cell activation, proliferation, and differentiation. Flow cytometry analysis of CD19 expression on peripheral blood cells is commonly used in the diagnosis and monitoring of B cell-related disorders, including B cell lymphomas, leukemias, and autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus.
- CD4/CD8 Panel: The CD4/CD8 panel is a laboratory test that measures the ratio of CD4-positive T lymphocytes (helper T cells) to CD8-positive T lymphocytes (cytotoxic T cells) in the blood. This ratio is an important indicator of immune function and is used in the management of HIV/AIDS and other immunodeficiency disorders. A decrease in the CD4/CD8 ratio is associated with immune suppression and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections, while an elevated ratio may indicate autoimmune diseases or lymphoproliferative disorders.
- Chlamydia Antigen: Chlamydia antigen testing is a diagnostic assay used to detect the presence of Chlamydia trachomatis antigens in clinical samples, such as swabs from the genital, ocular, or respiratory mucosa. Chlamydia trachomatis is a common sexually transmitted bacterium that can cause genital infections (urethritis, cervicitis), ocular infections (conjunctivitis, trachoma), and respiratory infections (pneumonia). Antigen testing for Chlamydia enables rapid diagnosis and treatment of infections, reducing the risk of complications and transmission.
- Chlamydia Pneumoniae IgA/IgG/IgM: Chlamydia pneumoniae IgA/IgG/IgM testing is performed to detect antibodies produced by the immune system in response to Chlamydia pneumoniae infection. Chlamydia pneumoniae is a bacterium that can cause respiratory infections, including pneumonia and bronchitis. IgA, IgG, and IgM antibodies develop at different stages of infection and persist in the blood for varying lengths of time. Serological testing for Chlamydia pneumoniae antibodies helps diagnose current or past infections and guide treatment decisions.
- Chlamydia Trachomatis: Chlamydia trachomatis testing is a diagnostic assay used to detect the presence of Chlamydia trachomatis bacteria in clinical samples, such as urine, genital swabs, or cervical swabs. Chlamydia trachomatis is the most common bacterial sexually transmitted infection worldwide and can cause genital infections (urethritis, cervicitis), ocular infections (conjunctivitis), and respiratory infections (pneumonia). Early detection and treatment of Chlamydia trachomatis infections are essential to prevent complications such as pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility, and neonatal infections.
- (Cinsel Yolla Bulaşan Hastalıklar) Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs): Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are infections spread through sexual contact, including vaginal, anal, or oral sex. Common STIs include chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, human papillomavirus (HPV), herpes simplex virus (HSV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and trichomoniasis. Testing for STIs involves various methods, including blood tests, urine tests, genital swabs, and physical examination. Early detection and treatment of STIs are essential to prevent complications and reduce transmission rates.
- (Civa) Mercury (Hg): Mercury (Hg) is a heavy metal that exists in various forms, including elemental mercury, inorganic mercury compounds, and organic mercury compounds. Exposure to mercury can occur through ingestion, inhalation, or skin contact, primarily from contaminated food, water, or air. Mercury toxicity can lead to neurological, renal, and cardiovascular effects, depending on the exposure level and duration. Testing for mercury levels in blood, urine, or hair helps assess exposure and guide management in cases of suspected toxicity.
- Clostridium difficile Toxin A and B: Clostridium difficile toxin A and B testing is performed to detect the presence of toxins produced by Clostridium difficile bacteria in stool samples. Clostridium difficile is a common cause of healthcare-associated diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis, particularly following antibiotic therapy. Toxin A and B testing aids in the diagnosis of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) and helps differentiate between toxigenic and non-toxigenic strains. Rapid diagnosis and appropriate treatment are crucial for managing CDI and preventing its spread.
- Coombs Test: The Coombs test, also known as the antiglobulin test, is a laboratory test used to detect antibodies or complement proteins attached to the surface of red blood cells (RBCs). The test helps diagnose immune-mediated hemolytic anemia, a condition in which the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys RBCs. The Coombs test can be direct or indirect, depending on whether it detects antibodies already attached to RBCs (direct Coombs test) or circulating antibodies in the blood (indirect Coombs test). Interpretation of Coombs test results assists in determining the underlying cause of hemolytic anemia and guiding appropriate treatment.
- Covid-19 Antigen: Covid-19 antigen testing is a diagnostic assay used to detect the presence of SARS-CoV-2 antigens in respiratory specimens, such as nasal swabs or saliva. Antigen tests provide rapid results within minutes and are commonly used for screening individuals with suspected Covid-19 infection. Although less sensitive than molecular PCR tests, antigen tests are valuable for identifying contagious individuals and implementing infection control measures promptly.
- Covid-19 Antibody (IgM+IgG): Covid-19 antibody testing detects antibodies produced by the immune system in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection. IgM antibodies typically appear early in the course of infection, while IgG antibodies develop later and may persist for months to years. Serological testing for Covid-19 antibodies helps confirm past infection, assess immune status, and identify individuals who may have developed immunity. It is essential to interpret antibody test results in conjunction with clinical history and other diagnostic tests for accurate diagnosis and management.
- Covid-19 PCR: Covid-19 PCR testing is a molecular diagnostic assay used to detect the genetic material of SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for Covid-19, in respiratory specimens, such as nasal swabs, throat swabs, or sputum. PCR tests are highly sensitive and specific, allowing for early detection of Covid-19 infection, even in asymptomatic individuals. PCR testing is considered the gold standard for diagnosing active Covid-19 infection and guiding patient management, including isolation, treatment, and contact tracing.
- Covid-19 + Flu PCR: Covid-19 + flu PCR testing is a multiplex molecular assay that simultaneously detects the genetic material of SARS-CoV-2 (Covid-19) and influenza viruses in respiratory specimens. This combined testing approach allows for the differential diagnosis of Covid-19 and influenza infections, which may present with similar clinical symptoms. Early identification of the causative pathogen is essential for appropriate patient management, infection control, and public health surveillance, particularly during flu season and Covid-19 outbreaks.
- Coxsackie Virus IgG/IgM: Coxsackie virus IgG/IgM testing is performed to detect antibodies produced by the immune system in response to Coxsackie virus infection. Coxsackie viruses are members of the Enterovirus genus and can cause various clinical manifestations, including hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD), herpangina, myocarditis, and aseptic meningitis. IgG antibodies indicate past or previous exposure to Coxsackie viruses, while IgM antibodies suggest recent or active infection. Serological testing aids in the diagnosis and management of Coxsackie virus-associated illnesses.
- C-Peptide: C-peptide is a peptide molecule produced during the processing of proinsulin to insulin in the pancreas. Measurement of C-peptide levels in blood provides indirect information about insulin secretion by pancreatic beta cells, as C-peptide and insulin are released in equimolar amounts. C-peptide testing helps assess endogenous insulin production, differentiate between type 1 and type 2 diabetes, evaluate pancreatic function, and monitor insulin therapy effectiveness.
- Cryofibrinogen: Cryofibrinogen is a fibrinogen derivative that precipitates at low temperatures, leading to the formation of cryoglobulins in blood. Cryofibrinogenemia is a rare condition characterized by the presence of abnormal levels of cryofibrinogen in the blood, which may contribute to the development of cryoglobulinemia, vasculitis, and thrombotic disorders. Testing for cryofibrinogen levels helps diagnose and monitor cryofibrinogenemia-associated conditions and guide treatment decisions.
- Cryoglobulin: Cryoglobulins are abnormal immunoglobulins that precipitate in blood serum at cold temperatures and redissolve upon rewarming. Cryoglobulinemia refers to the presence of cryoglobulins in the blood, which can cause vascular occlusion, inflammation, and tissue damage, leading to a variety of clinical manifestations, such as purpura, arthralgia, neuropathy, and renal impairment. Cryoglobulin testing involves the collection and processing of blood samples under controlled temperature conditions to detect and quantify cryoglobulin levels, aiding in the diagnosis and management of cryoglobulinemia-associated disorders.
- Cryptosporidium Antigen: Cryptosporidium antigen testing is used to detect the presence of Cryptosporidium parasites in stool samples. Cryptosporidium is a protozoan parasite that can cause gastrointestinal illness, including diarrhea, abdominal cramps, nausea, and vomiting, particularly in immunocompromised individuals. Antigen testing offers a rapid and sensitive method for diagnosing Cryptosporidium infections and guiding appropriate treatment and infection control measures.
- Cytomegalovirus (CMV): Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a ubiquitous herpesvirus that infects the majority of the population worldwide. While CMV infection is often asymptomatic or mild in immunocompetent individuals, it can cause severe complications in immunocompromised patients, such as transplant recipients, HIV/AIDS patients, and neonates. CMV testing involves various methods, including serological assays to detect antibodies, molecular tests to identify viral DNA or RNA, and antigen tests to detect viral proteins. Diagnosis of CMV infection helps guide patient management, antiviral therapy, and preventive strategies.
- (Çinko) Zinc : Zinc is an essential trace element crucial for numerous physiological processes, including immune function, wound healing, DNA synthesis, and protein metabolism. Zinc deficiency can lead to various health problems, such as impaired growth and development, weakened immune response, and skin disorders. Zinc testing measures the concentration of zinc in blood, serum, plasma, or urine samples to assess zinc status and guide supplementation or dietary interventions.
- (Çok Uzun Zincirli Yağ Asitleri) Very Long Chain Fatty Acid Analysis (C22, C24, C26): Very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) are fatty acids with carbon chain lengths of 22 or more carbons. Analysis of VLCFAs involves measuring the levels of specific VLCFAs, such as C22, C24, and C26 fatty acids, in blood or other biological samples. Abnormal VLCFA levels are associated with peroxisomal disorders, such as X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD), a genetic disorder characterized by the accumulation of VLCFAs due to peroxisomal dysfunction. VLCFA analysis aids in the diagnosis and monitoring of peroxisomal disorders and helps guide treatment and management strategies.
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