Laboratory [M] Tests
SERVICES AND TREATMENTS
- M.tuberculosis DNA: M.tuberculosis DNA testing is used to detect the presence of DNA from Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the bacterium responsible for tuberculosis (TB). This test can help diagnose active TB infections, identify drug-resistant strains, and monitor treatment response. M.tuberculosis DNA testing may be performed on respiratory samples, such as sputum or bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, as well as on other biological specimens.
- Magnesium: Magnesium is an essential mineral that plays a crucial role in numerous physiological processes, including muscle and nerve function, energy metabolism, protein synthesis, and bone health. Magnesium levels in the body are typically measured in blood, urine, or saliva samples to assess magnesium status and diagnose magnesium deficiency or excess (hypermagnesemia). Abnormal magnesium levels can indicate various health conditions, such as kidney disease, gastrointestinal disorders, or endocrine disorders.
- Macroamylase: Macroamylase is a complex formed between amylase enzymes and large protein molecules, such as immunoglobulins, in the bloodstream. Macroamylase can interfere with amylase activity assays, leading to elevated serum amylase levels without clinical significance. Testing for macroamylase involves separating the macroamylase complex from free amylase using polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation or gel filtration chromatography. Identifying macroamylase can help prevent unnecessary investigations for pancreatic disorders.
- Macroprolactin Screening Test: The macroprolactin screening test is used to detect macroprolactin, a high molecular weight complex of prolactin and immunoglobulins, in the blood. Macroprolactin may cause falsely elevated serum prolactin levels when measured using standard immunoassays, leading to misinterpretation and unnecessary treatment for hyperprolactinemia. Screening tests, such as polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation or gel filtration chromatography, help identify macroprolactinemia and distinguish it from true hyperprolactinemia.
- Manganese: Manganese is an essential trace element involved in various biological processes, including metabolism, bone formation, and antioxidant defense mechanisms. Manganese levels in the body are typically measured in blood, urine, hair, or tissue samples to assess manganese status and diagnose manganese deficiency or toxicity. Abnormal manganese levels may indicate exposure to environmental toxins or underlying medical conditions, such as liver disease or genetic disorders.
- (Mantar Aranması) Fungal Examination (with KOH): Fungal examination with potassium hydroxide (KOH) is a microscopic test used to detect fungal elements in clinical samples, such as skin scrapings, hair, nails, or vaginal secretions. KOH dissolves cellular material while leaving fungal structures intact, allowing for easier visualization under a microscope. This test helps diagnose fungal infections, such as dermatophytosis (ringworm), candidiasis (yeast infection), or tinea versicolor, by identifying characteristic fungal morphology.
- (Mantar Kültürü) Fungal Culture: Fungal culture involves inoculating clinical specimens onto specific growth media to isolate and identify fungal pathogens responsible for various infections. Common specimens for fungal culture include skin scrapings, nail clippings, respiratory secretions, blood, or tissue samples. Culturing fungi allows for species-level identification and determination of antifungal susceptibility patterns, guiding appropriate treatment strategies for fungal diseases, such as candidiasis, aspergillosis, or cryptococcosis.
- (Mantar Tanımlanması) Fungal Identification: Fungal identification involves the characterization and classification of fungal species isolated from clinical specimens through various laboratory techniques, including microscopy, culture morphology, biochemical tests, and molecular methods. Accurate identification of fungi is crucial for diagnosing fungal infections and selecting appropriate antifungal therapy based on the organism’s susceptibility profile.
- (Maya Antifungal İlaç Duyarlılık Testi) Yeast Antifungal Susceptibility Testing: Yeast antifungal susceptibility testing assesses the sensitivity of yeast isolates to antifungal drugs to guide treatment decisions for fungal infections. Common yeast species, such as Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, or Candida krusei, are tested against antifungal agents using standardized methods, such as broth microdilution or disk diffusion. Susceptibility results help clinicians choose the most effective antifungal therapy and monitor for antifungal resistance.
- (Mayi Kültürü) Yeast Culture: Yeast culture involves the isolation and cultivation of yeast species from clinical samples, such as blood, urine, or vaginal swabs, to diagnose yeast infections. Specimens are inoculated onto selective growth media that promote yeast growth and inhibit bacterial contaminants. Identification of yeast colonies by microscopy, biochemical tests, or molecular methods confirms the presence of yeast pathogens and informs appropriate antifungal treatment.
- MDA (Malondialdehyde) (Oxidized LDL): Malondialdehyde (MDA) is a marker of oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation, commonly measured in blood or tissue samples. Elevated levels of MDA indicate increased oxidative damage to lipids, including low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, leading to the formation of oxidized LDL particles. MDA measurement, often quantified using spectrophotometric or chromatographic methods, provides insight into oxidative stress-related diseases, such as atherosclerosis, diabetes, or neurodegenerative disorders.
- Metabolic Screening – Extended Panel: Metabolic screening with an extended panel involves assessing multiple biochemical markers in blood or urine samples to evaluate metabolic function and detect metabolic disorders. The extended panel may include tests for glucose metabolism, lipid profile, liver function, renal function, electrolyte balance, and other metabolic parameters. Results from metabolic screening help identify abnormalities early, allowing for timely intervention and management of metabolic diseases.
- Metanephrine: Metanephrines are metabolites of catecholamines, such as epinephrine and norepinephrine, produced by the adrenal glands. Measurement of metanephrine levels in urine or plasma samples serves as a diagnostic test for pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma, neuroendocrine tumors that secrete excessive catecholamines. Elevated metanephrine concentrations, detected using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) or enzyme immunoassays, indicate adrenal medullary tumors, prompting further imaging and clinical evaluation.
- Methemoglobin: Methemoglobin is a form of hemoglobin in which the iron ion (Fe2+) is oxidized to the ferric state (Fe3+), rendering it incapable of binding oxygen. Excessive levels of methemoglobin can impair oxygen transport, leading to tissue hypoxia and cyanosis. Methemoglobinemia can result from inherited enzyme deficiencies, exposure to certain drugs or chemicals, or metabolic disorders. Measurement of methemoglobin levels in blood helps diagnose and monitor methemoglobinemia, with treatment aimed at reducing methemoglobin levels and restoring oxygenation.
- Methylmalonic Acid Test: The methylmalonic acid test measures the concentration of methylmalonic acid in urine or blood samples to assess vitamin B12 deficiency or metabolic disorders affecting propionate metabolism. Elevated methylmalonic acid levels indicate impaired conversion of methylmalonyl-CoA to succinyl-CoA, characteristic of vitamin B12 deficiency or methylmalonic acidemia. The test aids in diagnosing vitamin B12 deficiency, distinguishing it from folate deficiency, and monitoring response to vitamin B12 supplementation.
- Microalbumin: Microalbumin refers to small amounts of albumin, a protein normally found in the blood, excreted in urine at concentrations undetectable by standard urine dipstick tests. Microalbuminuria serves as an early marker of kidney damage, particularly in individuals with diabetes or hypertension, indicating increased permeability of the glomerular filtration barrier. Quantitative measurement of microalbumin levels in urine samples helps assess kidney function, predict progression to overt nephropathy, and guide management strategies to prevent renal complications.
- Microbiota: Microbiota refers to the diverse community of microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, viruses, and archaea, residing in various body sites, such as the gastrointestinal tract, skin, oral cavity, and urogenital tract. The microbiota plays essential roles in host health and disease by modulating immune function, metabolism, nutrient absorption, and protection against pathogens. Dysbiosis, or alterations in microbiota composition, has been linked to various diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease, obesity, diabetes, and allergies, highlighting the importance of microbiota analysis in understanding and managing human health.
- Myoglobin: Myoglobin is a protein primarily found in muscle tissues that binds and stores oxygen, facilitating oxygen transport and storage within muscle cells. Measurement of myoglobin levels in blood or urine samples serves as a diagnostic marker for muscle injury, such as rhabdomyolysis, myocardial infarction, or skeletal muscle trauma. Elevated myoglobin levels indicate muscle damage and can lead to renal injury due to myoglobinuria. Myoglobin testing aids in diagnosing and monitoring muscle-related disorders and assessing treatment response.
- Myositis Comprehensive Panel: The myositis comprehensive panel comprises various laboratory tests, including creatine kinase (CK), aldolase, myositis-specific and myositis-associated antibodies (e.g., anti-Jo-1, anti-Mi-2, anti-PM-Scl), and inflammatory markers (e.g., erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein), used to diagnose and differentiate inflammatory myopathies, such as dermatomyositis, polymyositis, and inclusion body myositis. The panel helps identify specific autoantibodies associated with different myositis subtypes, guiding treatment decisions and monitoring disease activity.
- MRSA Screening: MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) screening involves detecting the presence of MRSA colonization, particularly in healthcare settings, to prevent the transmission of MRSA infections and implement appropriate infection control measures. Screening methods may include nasal swabs, wound or skin swabs, or surveillance cultures from high-risk populations, such as hospitalized patients, healthcare workers, or individuals in long-term care facilities. Timely identification of MRSA carriers helps implement targeted decolonization strategies and reduce the risk of MRSA transmission and healthcare-associated infections.
- Mucopolysaccharidosis: Mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) refers to a group of inherited lysosomal storage disorders characterized by deficiencies in enzymes responsible for breaking down glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), leading to their accumulation in tissues and organs. MPS types are classified based on the specific enzyme deficiency and the type of accumulated GAG. Laboratory testing for MPS involves enzyme assays, genetic testing, and urinary GAG analysis to diagnose specific MPS types, guide genetic counseling, and monitor disease progression. Early diagnosis and multidisciplinary management are crucial to mitigate complications and improve outcomes in individuals with MPS.
- Mycoplasma pneumoniae IgG: Mycoplasma pneumoniae IgG test measures the levels of immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies specific to Mycoplasma pneumoniae, a common cause of respiratory tract infections, including pneumonia and bronchitis. Elevated IgG levels indicate previous exposure or recent infection with M. pneumoniae, aiding in the diagnosis and monitoring of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections.
- Mycoplasma pneumoniae IgM: Mycoplasma pneumoniae IgM test detects the presence of immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies produced in response to acute Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. Positive IgM results indicate recent or active M. pneumoniae infection, aiding in the early diagnosis of respiratory tract infections, such as atypical pneumonia, particularly in cases where other diagnostic methods, such as culture or PCR, may be inconclusive.
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