Laboratory [P] Tests
SERVICES AND TREATMENTS
- Pancreatic Amylase: Pancreatic amylase, also known as alpha-amylase, is an enzyme produced by the pancreas that helps in the digestion of carbohydrates. Measurement of pancreatic amylase levels in blood or urine is used to diagnose and monitor diseases of the pancreas, such as pancreatitis. Elevated levels of pancreatic amylase in the blood are indicative of pancreatic injury or inflammation.
- Pancreatic Amylase (Alpha-Amylase): Pancreatic amylase, also known as alpha-amylase, is an enzyme produced by the pancreas that aids in the digestion of carbohydrates. Measurement of pancreatic amylase levels in blood or urine is used to diagnose and monitor diseases of the pancreas, such as pancreatitis. Elevated levels of pancreatic amylase in the blood are indicative of pancreatic injury or inflammation.
- Paraneoplastic Panel: A paraneoplastic panel is a group of blood tests used to detect autoantibodies produced in response to cancer (neoplasms) elsewhere in the body. These autoantibodies can cause neurological, endocrine, rheumatologic, or hematologic symptoms that are unrelated to the primary tumor or its metastases. Paraneoplastic panels help in the diagnosis and management of paraneoplastic syndromes.
- Parvovirus: Parvovirus refers to a group of small, single-stranded DNA viruses belonging to the Parvoviridae family. Parvoviruses can infect various animal species, including humans, causing a range of diseases such as fifth disease (erythema infectiosum) and parvovirus B19-associated arthritis. Diagnosis of parvovirus infection is typically made through serological tests detecting antibodies or molecular tests detecting viral DNA.
- Parvovirus IgG: Parvovirus IgG refers to immunoglobulin G antibodies produced by the immune system in response to parvovirus infection. Detection of parvovirus IgG antibodies in blood indicates past or recent exposure to parvovirus and provides immunity against future infections. IgG testing is commonly used to assess immunity status, especially in pregnant women to determine susceptibility to parvovirus B19 infection.
- Parvovirus IgM: Parvovirus IgM refers to immunoglobulin M antibodies produced by the immune system in response to acute parvovirus infection. Detection of parvovirus IgM antibodies in blood indicates recent or active parvovirus infection. IgM testing is commonly used for the diagnosis of acute parvovirus B19 infection, such as fifth disease (erythema infectiosum) or in pregnant women with suspected infection.
- (Pıhtılaşma Zamanı Ölçümü) Clotting Time Measurement: Clotting time measurement is a laboratory test used to evaluate the time it takes for blood to clot. It is performed by adding a coagulation activator to a blood sample and monitoring the time it takes for clot formation. Abnormal clotting times may indicate bleeding disorders, clotting factor deficiencies, or the presence of anticoagulants in the blood.
- Pyruvate: Pyruvate is a key intermediate molecule in cellular metabolism that plays a crucial role in the glycolytic pathway. It is formed during the breakdown of glucose and serves as a substrate for energy production or can be converted into other molecules such as lactate or acetyl-CoA. Measurement of pyruvate levels in blood or other biological fluids may be used in the diagnosis and monitoring of various metabolic disorders.
- Pyruvate Kinase Test: Pyruvate kinase is an enzyme involved in glycolysis, the metabolic pathway that converts glucose into energy. The pyruvate kinase test measures the activity of this enzyme in red blood cells. Decreased pyruvate kinase activity is associated with conditions such as pyruvate kinase deficiency, a rare inherited disorder that leads to hemolytic anemia.
- PLA2-R IgG: PLA2-R IgG refers to immunoglobulin G antibodies directed against phospholipase A2 receptor (PLA2-R), a protein expressed in the kidneys. Detection of PLA2-R IgG antibodies is useful in the diagnosis and prognosis of primary membranous nephropathy (PMN), an autoimmune kidney disorder characterized by immune complex deposition in the glomeruli. Elevated levels of PLA2-R IgG are associated with PMN.
- Plasmodium Detection (Thick Blood Smear-Peripheral Smear): Plasmodium detection refers to the identification of Plasmodium parasites, the causative agents of malaria, in blood samples using thick blood smears or peripheral blood smears. Thick blood smears are prepared by spreading a larger volume of blood on a microscope slide, facilitating the visualization of Plasmodium parasites. This diagnostic method is crucial for the diagnosis and classification of malaria infections.
- Pneumocystis jiroveci: Pneumocystis jiroveci is a fungal pathogen that can cause severe pneumonia, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS or undergoing immunosuppressive therapy. Testing for Pneumocystis jiroveci may involve molecular techniques to detect the presence of the organism in respiratory samples.
- Pneumococcal IgG: Pneumococcal IgG refers to immunoglobulin G antibodies produced in response to infection with Streptococcus pneumoniae, a bacterium that can cause pneumonia, meningitis, and other infections. Measurement of pneumococcal IgG antibodies may be used to assess immune response to pneumococcal vaccination or to diagnose past or current pneumococcal infections.
- Polyoma JC virus (JCV) and BK virus (BKV): Polyomaviruses JC virus (JCV) and BK virus (BKV) are common human viruses that typically cause asymptomatic infections but can lead to serious complications in immunocompromised individuals, such as progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) for JCV and BK virus-associated nephropathy (BKVAN) for BKV. Testing for these viruses may involve PCR-based methods to detect viral DNA in clinical samples.
- Porphyrins: Porphyrins are organic compounds involved in the synthesis of heme, a component of hemoglobin and other hemoproteins. Abnormal levels of porphyrins in blood, urine, or feces may indicate porphyrias, a group of inherited or acquired disorders characterized by defects in heme biosynthesis. Testing for porphyrins can help diagnose and monitor porphyria subtypes.
- (Portör) Carrier: The term “carrier” typically refers to individuals who harbor infectious agents (such as bacteria or viruses) without showing symptoms of the associated disease. For example, carriers of pathogenic bacteria may transmit infections to others even though they themselves remain asymptomatic. Testing for carriers may involve detecting the presence of specific pathogens in clinical samples.
- Potassium: Potassium is an essential electrolyte that plays a vital role in various physiological processes, including nerve transmission, muscle function, and fluid balance. Measurement of potassium levels in blood, urine, or other bodily fluids is important for diagnosing and monitoring electrolyte imbalances, kidney disorders, and certain medical conditions.
- Prealbumin: Prealbumin, also known as transthyretin, is a transport protein synthesized by the liver that binds and transports thyroxine (T4) and retinol-binding protein. Prealbumin levels in blood can serve as markers of nutritional status and liver function, with low levels often indicating malnutrition or protein deficiency.
- Progesterone: Progesterone is a steroid hormone primarily produced by the ovaries (in females) and the testes (in males) that plays a key role in the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, and embryonic development. Measurement of progesterone levels in blood or urine is used to assess reproductive health, monitor pregnancy, and diagnose certain endocrine disorders.
- Proinsulin Intact: Proinsulin is a precursor hormone synthesized in the pancreas that is later cleaved into insulin and C-peptide. Measurement of intact proinsulin levels in blood can provide insights into pancreatic beta cell function and insulin production. Elevated levels of intact proinsulin may indicate impaired insulin processing and secretion, which is associated with conditions such as type 2 diabetes mellitus.
- Procalcitonin (PCT): Procalcitonin is a precursor peptide for the hormone calcitonin, but it is primarily used as a biomarker for bacterial infections and sepsis. Elevated levels of procalcitonin in blood are associated with bacterial infections, particularly severe bacterial sepsis, making it a valuable tool for diagnosing and monitoring infectious diseases and guiding antibiotic therapy.
- Procollagen Type-1 N-Terminal Propeptide (P1NP): Procollagen type-1 N-terminal propeptide is a marker of collagen synthesis and bone formation. It is released into the bloodstream during the formation of type I collagen, the most abundant collagen in bone tissue. Measurement of P1NP levels in blood can be used to assess bone health and turnover, aiding in the diagnosis and management of conditions such as osteoporosis and bone metastases.
- Prolactin: Prolactin is a peptide hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland that plays a central role in lactation and reproductive function. Measurement of prolactin levels in blood is used to evaluate pituitary gland function, diagnose disorders such as hyperprolactinemia (elevated prolactin levels), and investigate reproductive and menstrual abnormalities, as well as conditions affecting milk production.
- Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA): Prostate-specific antigen is a protein produced by the prostate gland, with elevated levels often associated with prostate conditions, including benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer. PSA testing, typically performed through a blood test, is widely used for prostate cancer screening, monitoring disease progression, and assessing treatment response. However, it is not specific to cancer and can be elevated in other prostate conditions.
- Prostatic Acid Phosphatase (PAP): Prostatic acid phosphatase is an enzyme produced by the prostate gland. While its primary function is not fully understood, elevated levels of PAP in blood can be indicative of prostate cancer or other prostate-related conditions. PAP testing may be used in conjunction with other markers to monitor disease progression or response to treatment.
- Protein 14-3-3: 14-3-3 proteins are a family of regulatory molecules involved in various cellular processes, including signal transduction, cell cycle regulation, and apoptosis. Measurement of 14-3-3 protein levels, particularly in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), may be used as a biomarker for certain neurological disorders, such as Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), where elevated levels are often detected.
- Protein C Activity: Protein C is a natural anticoagulant protein that plays a key role in regulating blood clotting. Protein C activity testing measures the functional activity of protein C in blood plasma. Reduced protein C activity levels may indicate an increased risk of thrombosis (blood clot formation) and may be associated with conditions such as protein C deficiency, liver disease, or disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC).
- Protein C Antigen: Protein C antigen testing measures the concentration of protein C in blood plasma. Protein C antigen levels may be reduced in conditions such as protein C deficiency, liver disease, or DIC. Testing for both protein C activity and antigen levels can help differentiate between inherited protein C deficiency and acquired deficiencies or other coagulation disorders.
- Protein Electrophoresis: Protein electrophoresis is a laboratory technique used to separate and analyze the proteins in a biological sample, typically blood serum or plasma. It separates proteins based on their size and electrical charge, allowing for the detection and quantification of various protein fractions, including albumin, globulins, and specific protein abnormalities. Protein electrophoresis is commonly used to diagnose and monitor a wide range of conditions, including multiple myeloma, amyloidosis, and inflammatory disorders.
- Protein S Activity: Protein S is another natural anticoagulant protein that acts as a cofactor for protein C in inhibiting blood clotting. Protein S activity testing measures the functional activity of protein S in blood plasma. Reduced protein S activity levels may increase the risk of thrombosis and may be associated with conditions such as protein S deficiency, liver disease, or DIC.
- Protein S Antigen: Protein S antigen testing measures the concentration of protein S in blood plasma. Protein S antigen levels may be reduced in conditions such as protein S deficiency, liver disease, or DIC. As with protein C testing, assessing both protein S activity and antigen levels can help diagnose and differentiate between inherited and acquired deficiencies or other coagulation disorders.
- Protein S-100 Antigen: S-100 proteins are a family of calcium-binding proteins found in cells of the nervous system and other tissues. Measurement of S-100 protein levels, particularly in blood or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), may be used as a biomarker for various neurological conditions, including brain injury, stroke, neurodegenerative diseases, and certain types of tumors. Elevated levels of S-100 proteins may indicate tissue damage or disease activity.
- Protein Total : Total protein testing measures the total amount of protein present in the blood serum or plasma. It includes all proteins, such as albumin, globulins, and other serum proteins. Total protein levels can be affected by various factors, including liver or kidney disease, malnutrition, and inflammation. This test is often used as part of a routine health checkup or to evaluate nutritional status and liver or kidney function.
- Prothrombin Time (PT): Prothrombin time, also known as PT, is a laboratory test that measures the time it takes for blood to clot. It evaluates the integrity of the extrinsic and common coagulation pathways and is used to assess the overall clotting ability of the blood. PT results can be influenced by factors such as deficiencies in clotting factors, liver disease, vitamin K deficiency, or the presence of anticoagulant medications. PT is commonly used to monitor anticoagulant therapy, assess bleeding disorders, or evaluate liver function.
- Pseudocholinesterase Level: Pseudocholinesterase, also known as butyrylcholinesterase or plasma cholinesterase, is an enzyme produced by the liver that plays a role in breaking down certain drugs, including muscle relaxants like succinylcholine. Pseudocholinesterase level testing measures the activity or concentration of this enzyme in blood plasma. Low pseudocholinesterase levels can result from genetic factors, liver disease, malnutrition, or certain medications, and may increase the risk of prolonged paralysis after anesthesia or exposure to certain drugs.
- Parathyroid Hormone (PTH): Parathyroid hormone, or PTH, is a hormone produced by the parathyroid glands that plays a key role in regulating calcium and phosphorus levels in the blood. PTH testing measures the concentration of PTH in blood serum or plasma. Abnormal PTH levels may indicate disorders of calcium metabolism, such as hyperparathyroidism or hypoparathyroidism, as well as kidney disease or vitamin D deficiency. PTH testing is used to diagnose and monitor these conditions and guide their management.
- Pus Culture: Pus culture, also known as purulent culture, is a microbiological test used to identify and isolate infectious microorganisms present in pus or purulent material collected from a wound, abscess, or infected body site. The sample is cultured on specific growth media under controlled conditions to promote the growth of bacteria, fungi, or other pathogens. Pus culture helps identify the causative agent of infection and determine its susceptibility to antibiotics, guiding appropriate treatment decisions.
- Parvovirus: Parvovirus refers to a group of small, single-stranded DNA viruses belonging to the Parvoviridae family. These viruses can infect various animals, including humans, causing a range of diseases. In humans, parvovirus B19 is the most common type and is responsible for conditions such as fifth disease (erythema infectiosum) and aplastic crisis in individuals with underlying hemolytic disorders. Parvovirus testing involves detecting specific antibodies or viral DNA in blood serum or plasma to diagnose active infection or recent exposure.
- Pneumocystis jiroveci: Pneumocystis jiroveci, formerly known as Pneumocystis carinii, is a fungus-like organism that can cause severe pneumonia, known as Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP), particularly in immunocompromised individuals, such as those with HIV/AIDS or undergoing immunosuppressive therapy. Testing for Pneumocystis jiroveci involves various methods, including microscopic examination of respiratory specimens (sputum, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid) for characteristic cysts or trophozoites, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect fungal DNA, and immunofluorescence staining. Early detection and treatment are essential for managing PCP and improving patient outcomes.
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