Laboratory [R] Tests
SERVICES AND TREATMENTS
- Reducing Substance Test: The reducing substance test is a laboratory assay used to detect the presence of reducing sugars, such as glucose, lactose, and fructose, in various body fluids, particularly urine. It is commonly employed to screen for conditions like diabetes mellitus, renal glycosuria, and other metabolic disorders. The test involves the use of reagents that react with reducing sugars, producing color changes or precipitates indicative of their presence.
- Renin: Renin is an enzyme primarily produced by the juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney in response to various stimuli, including decreased blood volume, low blood pressure, or low sodium levels. Renin plays a crucial role in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), which regulates blood pressure and fluid balance. Elevated renin levels may indicate conditions like renal artery stenosis, primary aldosteronism, or renovascular hypertension, while low levels can be observed in conditions like Conn’s syndrome or excess salt intake.
- Renin Activity: Renin activity refers to the enzymatic activity of renin in catalyzing the conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I in the bloodstream. Measurement of renin activity is important in evaluating the functionality of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) and diagnosing conditions such as primary hyperaldosteronism (Conn’s syndrome), renovascular hypertension, and secondary hypertension. Renin activity is typically assessed through specialized laboratory assays.
- Respiratory Antigen Panel: A respiratory antigen panel is a diagnostic test used to detect specific viral or bacterial antigens associated with respiratory infections. It is commonly employed to identify the causative agents of acute respiratory illnesses, such as influenza, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), adenovirus, and other common respiratory pathogens. The panel may utilize techniques like immunofluorescence assays (IFA), enzyme immunoassays (EIA), or molecular methods like polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for antigen detection.
- Reticulocyte Count: A reticulocyte count is a blood test that measures the percentage of reticulocytes, immature red blood cells, in the bloodstream. Reticulocytes are released by the bone marrow into the blood and eventually mature into erythrocytes (red blood cells). The reticulocyte count serves as an indicator of bone marrow function and erythropoiesis (red blood cell production). Abnormalities in the reticulocyte count may indicate conditions such as anemia, hemorrhage, or bone marrow disorders.
- Reverse T3 (Triiodothyronine): Reverse T3 (rT3) is an inactive form of triiodothyronine (T3), a thyroid hormone involved in regulating metabolism, growth, and energy production. Reverse T3 is produced through the conversion of thyroxine (T4) but does not exert the same biological effects as T3. Measurement of reverse T3 levels is typically performed in conjunction with other thyroid function tests to assess thyroid health and diagnose conditions such as hypothyroidism, thyroid hormone resistance, or euthyroid sick syndrome.
- Rh Blood Group Subgroups: The Rh blood group system, also known as the Rhesus blood group system, classifies blood into various subgroups based on the presence or absence of specific antigens, primarily the D antigen (Rh factor). The Rh system is important in blood transfusion compatibility and pregnancy management. Rh subgroups include Rh-positive (presence of D antigen) and Rh-negative (absence of D antigen). Subtyping within Rh-positive individuals may include factors such as C, c, E, and e antigens, which can influence transfusion compatibility and hemolytic disease of the newborn.
- Rheumatoid Factor (RF): Rheumatoid factor (RF) is an autoantibody directed against the Fc portion of immunoglobulin G (IgG). It is commonly found in the serum of individuals with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) but can also be present in other autoimmune and inflammatory conditions, as well as in some infectious diseases and malignancies. Measurement of RF levels is used as a diagnostic and prognostic marker for RA and other rheumatic diseases.
- Rubella (German Measles) IgG: Rubella IgG antibodies are specific immunoglobulins produced by the immune system in response to rubella virus infection or vaccination. Detection of IgG antibodies indicates past infection or immunity to rubella. Rubella IgG testing is commonly performed in pregnant women, individuals planning pregnancy, and in serological surveys to assess immunity levels in the population.
- Rubella (German Measles) IgG Avidity: Rubella IgG avidity testing is a supplemental test used to determine the strength or maturity of IgG antibodies produced in response to rubella virus infection. High avidity IgG antibodies indicate a past or longstanding infection, while low avidity antibodies suggest recent infection or vaccination. Avidity testing is particularly useful in pregnant women with equivocal IgG results to determine the timing of rubella infection during pregnancy.
- Rubella (German Measles) IgM: Rubella IgM antibodies are early immune markers produced by the body in response to recent rubella virus infection. Detection of IgM antibodies indicates acute or recent rubella infection. Rubella IgM testing is commonly used in diagnostic workups for suspected rubella cases, especially in pregnant women with suspected congenital rubella syndrome or individuals with symptoms suggestive of rubella infection.
- Rubella RNA: Rubella RNA testing involves the detection and quantification of rubella virus genetic material (RNA) in clinical specimens, such as blood or nasopharyngeal swabs. Molecular techniques like reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) are used to identify and measure viral RNA levels. Rubella RNA testing is primarily utilized for diagnosing acute rubella infections, particularly in cases with atypical presentations or suspected congenital rubella syndrome.
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