Laboratory [A] Tests ‣ Services and Treatments

(Açilkarnitin Profili) Açılcarnitine Profile: The L-Carnitine Profile test measures the levels of L-carnitine in the body, which plays a significant role in energy production. This test aims to evaluate the L-carnitine levels in the body by assessing its levels in serum or another biological sample. It provides insights into metabolism and energy production.
Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (APTT): A test that measures the time it takes for blood to clot, specifically focusing on the intrinsic and common coagulation pathways. It helps assess the clotting ability of blood and diagnose bleeding disorders or monitor anticoagulant therapy.
(Adacık Hücre (İslet Cell) Antikoru) Islet Cell Antibody: A test that detects antibodies targeting islet cells in the pancreas. Islet cell antibodies are associated with autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells, which can lead to type 1 diabetes mellitus. This test helps diagnose autoimmune diabetes and differentiate it from other forms of diabetes.
Adalimumab: A biologic medication belonging to the class of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors. It is used to treat various autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis, psoriasis, and juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Adalimumab works by blocking the action of TNF, a cytokine involved in inflammation, thereby reducing inflammation and symptoms associated with these conditions.
Adamts-13 Activity: The Adamts-13 activity test measures the level of ADAMTS13 (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with a thrombospondin type 1 motif, member 13) enzyme activity in the blood. This enzyme is responsible for cleaving von Willebrand factor (vWF), a protein involved in blood clotting. Low levels of ADAMTS13 activity can lead to an accumulation of large vWF molecules, increasing the risk of abnormal blood clot formation and conditions such as thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP). The test helps diagnose and monitor TTP and other related disorders.
Adenosine Deaminase (ADA): The Adenosine Deaminase (ADA) test measures the level of adenosine deaminase enzyme activity in various body fluids, such as blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), or pleural fluid. Elevated ADA levels are associated with conditions like tuberculosis, certain types of cancer, and autoimmune disorders. This test helps in the diagnosis and monitoring of these conditions.
Adrenalin (Epinephrine): Adrenaline, also known as epinephrine, is a hormone and neurotransmitter produced by the adrenal glands. It plays a crucial role in the body’s response to stress or danger, often referred to as the “fight or flight” response. Adrenaline increases heart rate, blood pressure, and respiratory rate, preparing the body for physical exertion. It also helps to dilate air passages in the lungs and increases blood flow to muscles, providing the body with a burst of energy during stressful situations.
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH): ACTH is a hormone produced by the pituitary gland in the brain. It stimulates the adrenal glands to release cortisol and other hormones, which are essential for various bodily functions, including metabolism, immune response, and stress regulation. ACTH levels are often measured to diagnose and monitor conditions related to adrenal gland function, such as Addison’s disease, Cushing’s syndrome, and pituitary gland disorders.
Aerobic Blood Culture: The aerobic blood culture test is a diagnostic procedure used to detect the presence of bacteria or fungi in the bloodstream. It involves incubating a blood sample in a culture medium that supports the growth of aerobic microorganisms. By observing the growth of bacteria or fungi in the culture, healthcare providers can identify the specific pathogen causing a bloodstream infection and determine the most effective treatment. This test is crucial for diagnosing conditions like sepsis, bacteremia, and other systemic infections.
Aerobic Catheter, Drain, Tube, or Aspiration Catheter Culture: The aerobic catheter, drain, tube, or aspiration catheter culture test is a diagnostic procedure used to identify the presence of bacteria or fungi in samples collected from catheters, drains, tubes, or aspiration catheters. This test involves culturing the collected samples on a suitable medium that promotes the growth of aerobic microorganisms. By observing the growth of bacteria or fungi in the culture, healthcare providers can determine if the catheter or related device is contaminated and causing an infection. This test helps guide appropriate treatment decisions for patients with suspected catheter-related infections.
(Ağır Metal Paneli,EDTA’lı Tam Kan) Heavy Metal Panel, Whole Blood with EDTA: The heavy metal panel test is a diagnostic assay performed on whole blood samples collected with EDTA as an anticoagulant. This test aims to detect and quantify the levels of various heavy metals, such as lead, mercury, arsenic, and cadmium, present in the blood. Heavy metal exposure can occur through various environmental sources, including occupational hazards, contaminated food or water, and certain medical treatments. Monitoring heavy metal levels in the blood is crucial for assessing exposure and potential toxicity. This test assists healthcare providers in diagnosing heavy metal poisoning, evaluating environmental exposure risks, and guiding appropriate treatment and management strategies.
Activated Protein C Resistance (APC-R): The APC-R test evaluates the resistance of blood clotting factors to the anticoagulant effect of activated protein C (APC). This resistance is primarily associated with a genetic mutation in the F5 gene, known as factor V Leiden mutation. Individuals with APC-R are at an increased risk of developing abnormal blood clotting (thrombosis) due to impaired regulation of blood coagulation. Testing for APC-R aids in the diagnosis of inherited thrombophilias, such as factor V Leiden mutation, and helps assess an individual’s risk of developing venous thromboembolism (VTE) or other thrombotic disorders.
Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT – SGPT): The ALT test measures the levels of alanine aminotransferase enzyme in the blood. ALT is primarily found in the liver and plays a key role in the metabolism of proteins. Elevated ALT levels in the blood may indicate liver damage or disease, such as hepatitis, cirrhosis, or fatty liver disease. The ALT test is commonly used to assess liver function and diagnose liver disorders.
Albumin: Albumin is a protein produced by the liver and is found in the blood. It plays a crucial role in maintaining osmotic pressure and transporting various substances, including hormones, drugs, and essential nutrients, throughout the body. Measurement of albumin levels in the blood is important for assessing liver and kidney function, as well as diagnosing and monitoring conditions such as malnutrition, liver disease, and kidney disorders.
Aldolase: Aldolase is an enzyme that plays a key role in glycolysis, the metabolic pathway that breaks down glucose to produce energy. It catalyzes the conversion of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate. Measurement of aldolase levels in the blood can be used as a marker for muscle damage, particularly in conditions such as muscular dystrophy, myositis, and other muscle disorders.
Aldosterone: Aldosterone is a hormone produced by the adrenal glands, specifically in the outer section called the adrenal cortex. It plays a crucial role in regulating blood pressure and electrolyte balance by promoting the retention of sodium and the excretion of potassium in the kidneys. Aldosterone secretion is primarily regulated by the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), which responds to changes in blood pressure, blood volume, and electrolyte levels. Dysregulation of aldosterone levels can lead to conditions such as hypertension, electrolyte imbalances, and certain kidney disorders.
Alpha-1 Antitrypsin: Alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) is a protein produced by the liver and released into the bloodstream. Its primary function is to protect the lungs from damage caused by neutrophil elastase, an enzyme involved in the inflammatory response. AAT deficiency is a genetic disorder that leads to decreased levels or impaired function of this protein, increasing the risk of lung and liver diseases. In the lungs, AAT deficiency can result in early-onset emphysema due to the loss of elastic tissue. In the liver, it can cause liver cirrhosis and hepatitis. Testing for AAT levels is crucial in diagnosing and managing this condition, and treatments may include augmentation therapy to replace the deficient protein or therapies to manage specific symptoms and complications.
Alpha-Fetoprotein (AFP): Alpha-fetoprotein is a protein produced primarily by the fetal liver during pregnancy. In adults, AFP levels are normally low, but they can rise in certain conditions such as liver disease, certain types of cancer (particularly liver cancer), and pregnancy complications. AFP testing is commonly used as a tumor marker to monitor the effectiveness of treatment for liver cancer or to screen for certain birth defects during pregnancy. Elevated AFP levels may indicate the presence of liver cancer, germ cell tumors, or other conditions requiring further investigation. However, it’s important to note that AFP levels can also be elevated in non-cancerous conditions, so additional tests and evaluations are usually needed to confirm a diagnosis.
Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP): Alkaline phosphatase is an enzyme found in various tissues throughout the body, including the liver, bones, kidneys, and intestines. It plays a role in several biological processes, including bone formation and the breakdown of certain substances in the body. Elevated levels of ALP in the blood may indicate liver disease, bone disorders (such as Paget’s disease or bone cancer), bile duct obstruction, or certain medications. Conversely, low ALP levels may be associated with malnutrition, hypophosphatasia, or hypothyroidism. ALP levels are often measured through blood tests as part of routine health checkups or to investigate specific symptoms or conditions. However, interpretation of ALP levels should be done in conjunction with other clinical and laboratory findings to determine the underlying cause accurately.
Alcohol (Ethanol): Alcohol, also known as ethanol, is a psychoactive substance found in alcoholic beverages such as beer, wine, and spirits. When consumed, it acts as a central nervous system depressant, affecting brain function and altering behavior. In moderate amounts, alcohol may induce relaxation and euphoria, but excessive consumption can lead to intoxication, impaired judgment, coordination difficulties, and health risks. Chronic alcohol abuse can result in various health problems, including liver disease, cardiovascular issues, neurological damage, addiction, and social problems. It is essential to consume alcohol responsibly and within recommended limits to minimize adverse effects on health and well-being.
Aluminum: Aluminum is a metallic element commonly found in the Earth’s crust. It is lightweight, malleable, and corrosion-resistant, making it valuable for various industrial and consumer applications. Aluminum is widely used in the production of packaging materials, construction materials (such as aluminum siding and roofing), transportation (including automobiles, aircraft, and trains), electrical wiring, and household items (like cookware and foil). Additionally, aluminum compounds are used in water treatment, antacids, and certain medications. While aluminum is generally considered safe for most uses, excessive exposure to aluminum compounds may pose health risks, particularly concerning neurological disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease. Therefore, regulatory agencies monitor aluminum levels in food, drinking water, and consumer products to ensure safety.
Amphetamine-Methamphetamine: Amphetamine and methamphetamine are stimulant drugs that affect the central nervous system. They increase the levels of certain neurotransmitters in the brain, such as dopamine and norepinephrine, leading to increased alertness, energy, and euphoria. Medically, amphetamines are used to treat conditions like attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy, while methamphetamine may be prescribed for obesity and sometimes for ADHD. However, they are also commonly abused for their euphoric effects, leading to addiction, tolerance, and potential overdose. Misuse of these drugs can have serious health consequences, including cardiovascular issues, psychosis, and damage to the brain.
Amylase: Amylase is an enzyme produced by the pancreas and salivary glands that helps break down carbohydrates into smaller sugars such as maltose and glucose. It plays a crucial role in the digestion of starches and is found in saliva, where it begins the process of carbohydrate digestion in the mouth, as well as in pancreatic juice, where it continues the digestion of carbohydrates in the small intestine. Elevated levels of amylase in the blood or urine may indicate pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer, or other pancreatic disorders, while low levels may suggest pancreatic insufficiency or liver disease.
Amyloid A: Amyloid A (AA) is a protein that is a major component of amyloid deposits found in various tissues in diseases such as reactive amyloidosis. These deposits can lead to organ dysfunction and damage. Amyloid A is derived from the acute-phase protein serum amyloid A (SAA), which increases during inflammation. The excessive deposition of amyloid A can lead to conditions such as amyloidosis, which can affect organs like the kidneys, liver, spleen, and heart. Testing for amyloid A levels may be done to diagnose and monitor certain inflammatory and autoimmune conditions.
Amino Acid: Amino acids are organic compounds that serve as the building blocks of proteins. They are essential for various biological processes, including protein synthesis, enzyme function, and neurotransmitter signaling. There are 20 standard amino acids, each characterized by a specific side chain that determines its unique properties. These amino acids can be classified as essential, nonessential, or conditional based on the body’s ability to produce them. Essential amino acids must be obtained through the diet, as the body cannot synthesize them. Nonessential amino acids can be produced by the body, while conditional amino acids are typically nonessential but may become essential under certain physiological conditions. Amino acid analysis is often used in biochemical and medical research to study protein structure, metabolism, and nutritional requirements.
Amino Acid and Acylcarnitine Profile: The Amino Acid and Acylcarnitine Profile test evaluates the levels of amino acids and acylcarnitines in the blood. Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins and play crucial roles in various metabolic processes. Acylcarnitines are compounds involved in fatty acid metabolism and energy production. This profile helps assess amino acid metabolism, identify certain metabolic disorders, and guide nutritional interventions.
Amoebic Antibodies: This test is performed to determine whether there has been exposure to amoebic infections in the body. Amoebic antibodies measure the immune response developed against amoeba species.
Amoxicillin Specific IgE: This test is conducted to assess the risk of allergic reactions to antibiotics like amoxicillin. Levels of amoxicillin-specific IgE can indicate sensitivity to the drug.
ANCA Profile (Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibodies): This test is used in the diagnosis of autoimmune diseases and detects specific autoantibodies called antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCAs). ANCAs are associated with autoimmune diseases where the body attacks its own tissues.
Androstenedione: This test measures the level of the hormone androstenedione. Androstenedione is a precursor steroid hormone produced primarily by the adrenal glands and ovaries, playing a role in the production of sex hormones, especially.
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE): This test measures the level of angiotensin converting enzyme in the blood. ACE plays a role in regulating blood pressure by converting angiotensin I to angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor.
Anti-HAV IgG (Hepatitis A Virus Immunoglobulin G): This test detects immunoglobulin G antibodies against the hepatitis A virus. It indicates past infection or vaccination against hepatitis A.
Anti-HBc Total (Hepatitis B Core Antibody Total): This test detects antibodies against the core antigen of the hepatitis B virus. It helps in the diagnosis of hepatitis B infection and distinguishes between acute and chronic infections.
Anti-Intrinsic Factor Antibody: This test measures antibodies against intrinsic factor, a protein necessary for the absorption of vitamin B12 in the intestine. Antibodies against intrinsic factor can indicate pernicious anemia, an autoimmune condition affecting the stomach.
Anti-Jo-1 Antibody: This test detects antibodies against Jo-1, a type of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase enzyme. Anti-Jo-1 antibodies are associated with autoimmune conditions such as polymyositis and dermatomyositis.
Anti-Mullerian Hormone (AMH): This test measures the level of anti-Mullerian hormone, which is produced by ovarian follicles. AMH levels are used as a marker of ovarian reserve and can help assess fertility potential.
Anti-Neutrophil Antibody (Anti-Granulocyte Ab): This test detects antibodies against neutrophils, a type of white blood cell. Anti-neutrophil antibodies are associated with autoimmune conditions such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and rheumatoid arthritis.
Anti-Sperm Antibody (ASA): This test measures antibodies produced against sperm cells. Anti-sperm antibodies can affect sperm motility and cause infertility issues.
Anti-Acetylcholine Receptor Antibody (AChR): This test detects antibodies against acetylcholine receptors, which are important for neuromuscular transmission. Anti-AChR antibodies are associated with myasthenia gravis, an autoimmune disorder affecting muscle strength.
Anti-Cyclic Citrullinated Peptide Antibody (Anti-CCP): This test measures antibodies against cyclic citrullinated peptides, which are present in inflamed joints. Anti-CCP antibodies are highly specific for rheumatoid arthritis and can aid in its diagnosis.
Anti-Diuretic Hormone (ADH): This test measures the level of anti-diuretic hormone, also known as vasopressin, which regulates water balance in the body. Abnormal levels of ADH can indicate conditions such as diabetes insipidus or syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH).
Anti-DNase B Antibody: This test detects antibodies against DNase B, an enzyme produced by streptococcal bacteria. Elevated levels of anti-DNase B antibodies may indicate recent or past streptococcal infection, such as strep throat or scarlet fever.
Anti-Double Stranded DNA Antibody (Anti-dsDNA Antibody): This test measures antibodies against double-stranded DNA molecules. Elevated levels of anti-dsDNA antibodies are associated with autoimmune conditions such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and lupus nephritis.
Anti-Smooth Muscle Antibody (ASMA): This test detects antibodies against smooth muscle cells, which are found in various organs such as the liver and gastrointestinal tract. Elevated levels of ASMA are associated with autoimmune hepatitis and other liver diseases.
Anti-Endomysial IgA Antibody: This test measures antibodies against endomysium, a type of connective tissue found in the intestines. Anti-endomysial IgA antibodies are highly specific markers for celiac disease, an autoimmune disorder triggered by gluten consumption.
Anti-Endomysial IgG Antibody: Similar to the anti-endomysial IgA test, this test detects antibodies against endomysium but specifically targets the IgG antibody class. It may be used in cases where IgA deficiency is present, providing an alternative marker for celiac disease.
Anti-Phosphatidylserine IgG Antibody: This test measures antibodies against phosphatidylserine, a phospholipid component of cell membranes. Elevated levels of anti-phosphatidylserine IgG antibodies may be associated with autoimmune disorders such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and antiphospholipid syndrome (APS).
Anti-Phosphatidylserine IgM Antibody: Similar to the IgG test, this test measures antibodies against phosphatidylserine but targets the IgM antibody class. It may also be associated with autoimmune disorders like SLE and APS.
Anti-Phospholipid IgG Antibody: This test detects antibodies against phospholipids, which are essential components of cell membranes. Elevated levels of anti-phospholipid IgG antibodies are found in patients with antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), a condition characterized by abnormal blood clotting and recurrent miscarriages.
Anti-Phospholipid IgM Antibody: Similar to the IgG test, this test measures antibodies against phospholipids but targets the IgM antibody class. It is also associated with APS and may indicate an increased risk of thrombotic events.
Anti-Gliadin Antibody IgA: This test measures antibodies against gliadin, a protein found in gluten. Elevated levels of anti-gliadin IgA antibodies are indicative of gluten sensitivity or celiac disease, an autoimmune condition affecting the small intestine.
Anti-Gliadin Antibody IgG: This test measures IgG antibodies against gliadin, a protein found in gluten. Elevated levels of anti-gliadin IgG antibodies are associated with gluten sensitivity and celiac disease, an autoimmune disorder affecting the small intestine.
Anti-Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase Antibody (Anti-GAD): This test detects antibodies against glutamic acid decarboxylase, an enzyme involved in insulin production. Elevated levels of anti-GAD antibodies are associated with type 1 diabetes and other autoimmune conditions such as stiff-person syndrome and autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1.
Anti-Hepatitis A Virus Antibody (Anti-HAV): This test measures antibodies against the hepatitis A virus, indicating either past infection or vaccination-induced immunity. Detection of anti-HAV antibodies suggests immunity to hepatitis A.
Anti-Hepatitis B E Antibody (Anti-HBe): This test measures antibodies against the hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg), which is indicative of active hepatitis B virus replication. Detection of anti-HBe antibodies may occur during the convalescent phase of acute hepatitis B or in chronic hepatitis B infection.
Anti-Hepatitis B Surface Antibody (Anti-HBs): This test measures antibodies against the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), indicating either immunity from past infection or vaccination-induced immunity. Detection of anti-HBs antibodies suggests immunity to hepatitis B.
Anti-Hepatitis C Virus Antibody (Anti-HCV): This test detects antibodies against the hepatitis C virus, indicating past exposure to the virus. Detection of anti-HCV antibodies does not distinguish between acute, chronic, or resolved hepatitis C infection and requires further testing for confirmation.
Anti-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Antibody (Anti-HIV): This test measures antibodies against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the virus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Detection of anti-HIV antibodies indicates HIV infection, either acute or chronic.
Anti-Insulin Antibody: This test measures antibodies against insulin, the hormone responsible for regulating blood sugar levels. Elevated levels of anti-insulin antibodies may occur in individuals with type 1 diabetes or as a response to insulin therapy.
Anti-Liver Kidney Microsomal Antibody (Anti-LKM): This test detects antibodies against liver kidney microsomes, which are cellular structures found in the liver and kidney cells. Elevated levels of anti-LKM antibodies are associated with autoimmune hepatitis type 2, a chronic liver disease.
Anti-Cardiolipin Antibody (ACA): This test measures antibodies against cardiolipin, a phospholipid found in cell membranes. Elevated levels of anti-cardiolipin antibodies are associated with antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), an autoimmune disorder characterized by abnormal blood clotting and pregnancy complications.
Anti-La (anti-SSB): This test detects antibodies against La protein, also known as Sjögren’s syndrome antigen B (SSB). Elevated levels of anti-La antibodies are associated with autoimmune conditions such as Sjögren’s syndrome and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).
Anti-Mitochondrial Antibody Type M2 (AMA M2): This test measures antibodies against mitochondrial antigens, specifically the M2 subtype. Elevated levels of AMA M2 antibodies are highly specific for primary biliary cholangitis (PBC), an autoimmune liver disease characterized by progressive destruction of the bile ducts.
Anti-Mitochondrial Antibody (AMA): This test detects antibodies against various mitochondrial antigens. Elevated levels of AMA are associated with autoimmune liver diseases such as primary biliary cholangitis (PBC), but they can also be found in other autoimmune conditions and certain infections.
Anti-Myeloperoxidase Antibody (p-ANCA): This test measures antibodies against myeloperoxidase, an enzyme present in neutrophils. Elevated levels of p-ANCA antibodies are associated with small vessel vasculitis, including microscopic polyangiitis (MPA) and eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA).
Anti-Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein IgG (Anti-MOG IgG): This test measures IgG antibodies against myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein, a protein found in the myelin sheath of nerve cells. Elevated levels of anti-MOG IgG antibodies are associated with demyelinating diseases such as neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM).
Anti-Muscle-Specific Kinase Antibody (Anti-MuSK Antibody): This test detects antibodies against muscle-specific kinase (MuSK), a protein involved in neuromuscular junction function. Elevated levels of anti-MuSK antibodies are associated with myasthenia gravis, particularly in patients with MuSK-associated myasthenia gravis.
Anti-Neuronal Antibody Type 1 (Anti-Hu Antibody): This test measures antibodies against neuronal antigens, specifically anti-Hu antibodies. Elevated levels of anti-Hu antibodies are associated with paraneoplastic neurological syndromes (PNS), often occurring in association with small-cell lung cancer and other malignancies.
Anti-Neuronal Antibody Type 2 (Anti-Ri Antibody): This test detects antibodies against neuronal antigens, specifically anti-Ri antibodies. Elevated levels of anti-Ri antibodies are associated with paraneoplastic neurological syndromes (PNS), particularly in patients with breast or gynecological cancers.
Anti-Neutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibodies, Screening (c-ANCA, p-ANCA): This test screens for anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCAs), which are associated with certain autoimmune vasculitides. c-ANCA is primarily associated with granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA), while p-ANCA is associated with microscopic polyangiitis (MPA) and eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA).
Anti-Nuclear Antibody (ANA): This test detects antibodies directed against components of the cell nucleus. Elevated levels of ANA are nonspecific and can be found in various autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), Sjögren’s syndrome, and systemic sclerosis.
Anti-Parietal Cell Antibody (APCA): This test measures antibodies against parietal cells, which are found in the lining of the stomach. Elevated levels of APCA are associated with autoimmune gastritis, pernicious anemia, and gastric ulceration.
Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies: This test detects antibodies produced in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection or vaccination. It helps determine past exposure to the virus and assess immune response.
Anti-Skin Antibody: This test measures antibodies targeting skin antigens. Elevated levels of anti-skin antibodies may be associated with autoimmune skin disorders such as pemphigus vulgaris and bullous pemphigoid.
Anti-SSA Antibody: This test detects antibodies against SSA antigens, also known as Ro antigens. Elevated levels of anti-SSA antibodies are associated with autoimmune conditions such as Sjögren’s syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and neonatal lupus syndrome.
Anti-Thyroglobulin Antibody (Anti-Tg): This test measures antibodies against thyroglobulin, a protein involved in thyroid hormone production. Elevated levels of Anti-Tg antibodies are associated with autoimmune thyroid disorders such as Hashimoto’s thyroiditis and Graves’ disease.
Anti-Thyroid Peroxidase Antibodies (Anti-TPO): This test detects antibodies against thyroid peroxidase, an enzyme involved in thyroid hormone synthesis. Elevated levels of Anti-TPO antibodies are commonly found in autoimmune thyroid diseases, particularly Hashimoto’s thyroiditis.
Anti-Transglutaminase IgA: This test measures IgA antibodies against tissue transglutaminase, an enzyme involved in the pathogenesis of celiac disease. Elevated levels of Anti-Transglutaminase IgA antibodies are indicative of gluten-sensitive enteropathy (celiac disease).
Anti-Transglutaminase IgG: This test measures IgG antibodies against tissue transglutaminase, often used as an alternative test for celiac disease diagnosis in individuals with IgA deficiency.
Anti-Thrombin 3 Activity: This test evaluates the activity of antithrombin III, a protein that inhibits blood clot formation. Decreased levels of anti-thrombin 3 activity may indicate an increased risk of thrombosis.
Antibiotic Sensitivity Test (Antibiogram): This test determines the susceptibility of bacteria isolated from a clinical specimen to various antibiotics. It helps guide antibiotic selection for effective treatment of bacterial infections.
Anti-Infliximab Antibody: This test measures antibodies against infliximab, a monoclonal antibody used to treat inflammatory conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn’s disease, and psoriasis. Detection of anti-infliximab antibodies may indicate reduced drug efficacy or the development of drug resistance.
Anti-Adalimumab Antibody: This test measures antibodies against adalimumab, a monoclonal antibody used to treat inflammatory conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn’s disease, and psoriasis. Detection of anti-adalimumab antibodies may indicate reduced drug efficacy or the development of drug resistance.
Anti-Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Antibodies (ASCA IgA/ASCA IgG): This test detects IgA and IgG antibodies against Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a yeast commonly found in the gastrointestinal tract. Elevated levels of ASCA antibodies are associated with inflammatory bowel diseases, particularly Crohn’s disease.
Apolipoprotein A: This test measures the concentration of apolipoprotein A, a component of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. Apolipoprotein A plays a role in lipid metabolism and may be assessed to evaluate cardiovascular disease risk.
Apolipoprotein A1/B: This test evaluates the ratio of apolipoprotein A1 to apolipoprotein B, which reflects the balance between protective (HDL) and atherogenic (LDL) lipoproteins. Alterations in this ratio may indicate an increased risk of cardiovascular disease.
Apolipoprotein B: This test measures the concentration of apolipoprotein B, a component of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. Elevated levels of apolipoprotein B are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease.
Abscess Culture: This test involves culturing samples from an abscess to identify the causative organism(s) and determine appropriate antimicrobial therapy.
Arsenic: This test measures the concentration of arsenic, a toxic metalloid, in biological samples such as blood or urine. Elevated levels of arsenic may indicate exposure to contaminated water, food, or environmental sources.
Acetaminophen Level Determination: This test measures the concentration of acetaminophen (paracetamol) in the blood to assess toxicity in cases of overdose or poisoning. Monitoring acetaminophen levels helps guide treatment decisions and prevent adverse effects.
Acid Phosphatase: Acid phosphatase is an enzyme found in various tissues, including the prostate gland. Elevated levels may indicate prostate cancer or other prostate-related conditions.
Antistreptolizin O (ASO): The ASO test measures the level of antibodies against streptolysin O, a toxin produced by Group A Streptococcus bacteria. Elevated ASO levels may indicate a recent streptococcal infection, such as strep throat or rheumatic fever.
Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST – SGOT): Aspartate aminotransferase is an enzyme found in various tissues, including the heart and liver. Elevated levels may indicate liver damage, heart attack, or other conditions affecting these organs.
Aspergillus Antigen (Galactomannan): This test detects the presence of galactomannan, a cell wall component of Aspergillus fungi, in blood or other body fluids. Elevated levels may indicate invasive aspergillosis, a serious fungal infection.
Aspergillus Antigen Test: This test detects specific antigens produced by Aspergillus fungi in blood or other body fluids. Positive results may indicate invasive aspergillosis, particularly in immunocompromised individuals.
Aspirate Culture: Aspirate culture involves culturing samples obtained by aspiration (suction) from a body cavity or lesion. It helps identify the causative organism(s) and guide appropriate antimicrobial therapy.

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